Fig. 1 (IMAGE) Osaka University Caption Schematic of osteoclastogenesis induced by cholesteatoma fibroblasts expressing activin A. Proinflammatory cytokines secreted from infiltrating macrophages induced activin A-expressing pathogenic fibroblasts; the activin A acted in conjunction with RANKL to promote ectopic osteoclastogenesis. Credit 2023, Masaru Ishii, Single-cell transcriptomics of human cholesteatoma identifies an activin A-producing osteoclastogenic fibroblast subset inducing bone destruction, Nature Communications Usage Restrictions Credit must be given to the creator. License CC BY Disclaimer: AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert system.